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英國種植茶葉最早 英國茶葉來源

發(fā)布于:2023-12-07 作者:費(fèi)曉霜 閱讀:151

英國種植茶葉最早的地區(qū)之一,英國人喜歡喝茶,也喜歡種茶。在英國,有一種特殊的茶葉叫做紅茶,這類茶葉的制作方法非常簡單,只需要將茶葉放在鍋里煮了。不過這類茶葉卻不是咱們平時(shí)喝的普通茶葉,而是一種藥材,叫做茶皂素。茶皂素是一種天然的抗菌物質(zhì),可以幫助人體消炎殺菌菌,對部分婦科炎癥有很好的緩解作用。女人平時(shí)沒事喝一點(diǎn),炎癥或不來擾。

英國種植茶葉最早  英國茶葉來源

一:英國種植茶葉最早是哪一年

中國是世界上最早發(fā)明和加工紅茶的。

紅茶湯色

紅茶的生產(chǎn),大體肇始于17世紀(jì)—18世紀(jì)之間福建崇安(今武夷山)的小種紅茶。在茶葉生產(chǎn)期間,茶師們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)日曬替代殺青時(shí),揉捻后的茶葉顏色發(fā)生紅變。雖然紅茶制法成型的具體年月已難確切考證,但這恰恰也說明了一個(gè)新興制茶工藝的誕生,是前輩茶師們在長期實(shí)踐中,從無意發(fā)現(xiàn)到有意探索,最終才得以定型。1732年(清雍正年間),崇安知縣劉靖在《片刻余閑集》中寫道:“山之第九曲盡處有星村鎮(zhèn),為行家萃聚。外有本省邵武、江西廣信等處所產(chǎn)之茶,黑色紅湯,土名江西烏,皆私售于星村各行。“

自星村小種紅茶創(chuàng)制以后,演變產(chǎn)生了工夫紅茶,并逐漸傳播至全國乃至世界各地,

武夷山桐木關(guān)茶園

紅茶被創(chuàng)制之后,隨著紅茶市場的發(fā)展,其產(chǎn)地范圍不斷擴(kuò)大,制法亦不斷演化。中國紅茶先有小種紅茶,后有工夫紅茶。紅茶制法傳到國外后,又產(chǎn)生了紅碎茶制法。

當(dāng)代茶圣吳覺農(nóng)先生在《茶經(jīng)述評》中指出,紅茶向國內(nèi)的傳播路線為:福建崇安、政和、坦洋、白琳——江西鉛山(河口)——修水——浮梁——安徽東至——祁門。咱們不難設(shè)想這樣的大體場景:小種紅茶制法在福建武夷山被發(fā)明后,其制法逐漸在武夷山東南方向的茶區(qū)傳播,并逐漸演變出工夫紅茶制法。于是,主產(chǎn)于政和的政和工夫、主產(chǎn)區(qū)福安的坦洋工夫和主產(chǎn)于福鼎的白琳工夫先后被創(chuàng)制,深得國外茶葉市場的歡迎。這可被稱為東南向傳播路徑。

基本同一時(shí)期,紅茶的制法也翻過武夷山,被傳播到了江西鉛山,鉛山的河口自古是茶葉重鎮(zhèn)。武夷山一山分跨兩省,一側(cè)是福建,另一側(cè)則是江西,武夷山也有福建武夷山和江西武夷山之分,桐木關(guān)的關(guān)口就是屬于江西地帶。

武夷山桐木關(guān)

也即,在古代,武夷山的茶經(jīng)桐木關(guān)到江西鉛山河口再運(yùn)銷各地,實(shí)則是一條通途。于是,咱們也就不難理解,紅茶制法的北向傳播路徑:經(jīng)鉛山,傳至修水創(chuàng)制寧紅;傳至浮梁、至德(現(xiàn)東至)和祁門,創(chuàng)制祁紅并紅極一時(shí),并進(jìn)而帶動(dòng)了全國其他地區(qū)紅茶加工的發(fā)展。

19世紀(jì)中后期,由于茶葉貿(mào)易的巨額利潤,英、荷等茶葉主要進(jìn)口國不滿中國的壟斷地位,引進(jìn)中國茶籽、茶苗以及種茶和制茶技術(shù),在其南亞殖民地大規(guī)模開辟茶葉種植園,生產(chǎn)和出口適銷西方的紅茶,開始逐步取代中國茶葉在海外的市場。

1867年,斯里蘭卡(錫蘭)開始產(chǎn)茶。

1924, 東非開始種植茶葉。

1930年,英國人在阿薩姆發(fā)明CTC紅碎茶揉切機(jī)。從此后,紅碎茶成為國際茶葉市場的主力軍。

二:英國種植茶葉最早的城市

茶葉締造了大英帝國,不存在茶,就不會(huì)有英國的現(xiàn)代文明。

——艾倫·麥克法蘭

一片武夷山的茶葉,從它帶著清晨的露水被采摘到茶農(nóng)手中開始,就走上了一條輾轉(zhuǎn)之路,它被賣到附近的集市,換了主人。在這里,被品評,被炒制,被裝運(yùn),接著翻山越嶺、舟車川流,南下到廣州,集裝成箱,開始長達(dá)四個(gè)月乃至八年的越洋過海。等到倫敦消費(fèi)者喝到這片葉子的時(shí)候,最早的都已是炎炎夏日,春天的氣息只能在唇邊蕩漾。

英國人把茶葉親切地稱呼為香草,它來自中國,那是一個(gè)夢幻的國度,出產(chǎn)絲綢,孔子,有著悠久的歷史和文明。

賓漢在《遠(yuǎn)征中國紀(jì)實(shí)》的序言里說道:“幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,咱們與中國的交往純粹是商業(yè)上的。直到1840年,新的時(shí)代開始了,這個(gè)強(qiáng)大的東方與西方世界的人民發(fā)生了激烈的沖突。此前中國一直把西方當(dāng)作半開化的野蠻人,用一種香草交換咱們的產(chǎn)品,這類香草如今已經(jīng)成為咱們生活中的必需品,它的芬芳充滿了使人歡快而不使人迷醉的茶杯。”

茶葉是何時(shí)進(jìn)入英國,不存在確切的時(shí)間可查。威廉·烏克斯在《茶葉全書》里,梳理了中國茶進(jìn)入英國的一段歷史。大約在1657年左右,英國倫敦的有一家叫加威的咖啡館,首次向市民出售茶葉,價(jià)格高達(dá)6-10英鎊。在加威的出售海報(bào)里,茶葉的功能被描述為“質(zhì)地溫和,四季皆宜,飲品衛(wèi)生、健康、有延年益壽之功效”。在這份“第一張茶葉海報(bào)”上,還有更多關(guān)于茶的信息,比如能讓人身體輕快,提神醒腦……海報(bào)還特別提醒,由于茶的功效眾多,意大利、法國、荷蘭等地的醫(yī)生和名人都已經(jīng)爭先飲用了。茶無論是在中國,還是在異邦,醫(yī)用的作用都是首先被提到的。

英國種植茶葉最早  英國茶葉來源

1660年英國開始征收飲茶稅,1689年征收茶葉關(guān)稅,之后不斷提升。從1768-1772年,按原價(jià)折算64%,1773年-1777年平均為106%,1778-1779下降到100%,但1783年達(dá)到114%,1784年119%。為了抵制茶葉走私,英國政府不得不出臺(tái)了“抵代法案”,茶稅從119%直降到12.5%,由此杜絕了走私,拉動(dòng)茶葉繁榮的消費(fèi)景觀。

大英帝國的飲茶風(fēng)尚,被認(rèn)為與一個(gè)嗜茶如命的皇后有關(guān)。英王查理二世的妻子凱瑟琳是葡萄牙的公主,她進(jìn)入英國王室后,把英國那些與男人一樣嗜酒的上層貴婦培養(yǎng)成茶葉愛好者。英國詩人E·沃勒贊美道:“花神寵秋色,嫦娥矜月桂;月桂與秋色,難于茶媲美。”

茶葉進(jìn)入英國100多年后,已然成為上至貴族,下至貧民都迷戀的飲料。戴維斯1795年在《農(nóng)工狀況考察》中說:“在惡劣的天氣與艱苦的生活條件下,麥芽酒昂貴,牛奶又喝不起,唯一能為他們軟化干面包得以下咽的就是茶……茶不是造成貧窮的起因,而是貧窮的結(jié)果”。不管起因怎樣,茶已經(jīng)是英國人生活中的必需品。茶葉也是中英貿(mào)易里最關(guān)鍵的物品,并由此成就壟斷中國茶銷售的東印度公司,英國為茶立法收稅,填補(bǔ)國庫之虛。

1704年,東印度公司在發(fā)往當(dāng)?shù)厣甜^的文件里寫道:“茶葉是對公司的利害極為關(guān)鍵的一般日用必需品。”東印度公司在中國輸出的產(chǎn)品中,從1718年開始,茶葉取代生絲、絹織物占了首位。以1784年為分界線,茶葉不論在絕對額還是就其在輸出總額中的比重而言,都成了絕對關(guān)鍵的商品。茶葉貿(mào)易不但對英國東印度公司的存在生死攸關(guān),而且對英國財(cái)政也至關(guān)關(guān)鍵。從1815年起,公司每年在茶葉貿(mào)易中獲利都在一百萬鎊以上,占其商業(yè)總利潤的90%,提供了英國國庫全部收入的10%。

斯當(dāng)東很擔(dān)心因?yàn)椴糠峙既灰蛩匾鹬杏⒌馁Q(mào)易中斷,他分析說,憑著英國人的勤勞勇敢和政府的賢明,許多疑問都可以克服,但關(guān)鍵之處在于茶葉,這不受利益控制,茶葉只有中國才能提供,而此時(shí)英國已經(jīng)離不開茶葉了!這會(huì)讓那些被后世嘲笑的晚清官員獲得些許安慰,因?yàn)樗麄兇_實(shí)抓住了貿(mào)易疑問的關(guān)鍵。

在《英使謁見乾隆紀(jì)實(shí)》中,斯當(dāng)東濃重地描述了英國對中國茶葉的依賴,他說從荷蘭冒險(xiǎn)家從中國帶回茶葉后,茶葉在歐洲日益風(fēng)行。茶在英國,從在咖啡館銷售,到后來成為稅收的對象。東印度公司在不到100年的時(shí)間里,從最初每年不超過5萬磅,到現(xiàn)在每年銷售兩千萬磅。英國領(lǐng)土上的人,不分種族、不分男女老幼等級,每人每年平均需要1磅以上茶葉。要是中斷茶葉貿(mào)易,那么情況就很糟糕。

“突然停止這類大量的消費(fèi)品而又無其他代替品,將會(huì)在廣大人民當(dāng)中發(fā)生很大的困難。英國方面已經(jīng)設(shè)法在印度部分氣候和土壤比較適宜的地方試種茶葉。在科西嘉島上的少量種植生長得很好,但是投資卻大于產(chǎn)品價(jià)值。將來在一個(gè)相當(dāng)時(shí)期之后,英國方而不必依賴外國進(jìn)口,本人也可以生產(chǎn)價(jià)格便宜的茶葉,這類可能性也是不小,但是為了準(zhǔn)備本人種植萬一失敗的情況,那就有必要無論怎樣同北京王朝搭上關(guān)系,改善英國在華商人處境,使他們可以解除過去那種困難狀況。”

經(jīng)濟(jì)上的單向依賴,讓英國人必須面臨一個(gè)巨大難題,怎樣支付茶葉費(fèi)用?英國輸入的產(chǎn)品在中國并不好賣,茶葉除了在以物易物的置換貿(mào)易中獲得部分外,大部分需要用白銀支付,為此英國付出了巨額的白銀。

莊土國估計(jì),從1700—1823年,英國東印度公司共輸53,875,032兩白銀到中國,從1700—1840年間,從歐洲運(yùn)往中國和美國人運(yùn)往中國的白銀約17000萬兩。1760年代后,東印度公司擴(kuò)大了對華貿(mào)易,卻帶來更大的貿(mào)易逆差,白銀疑問引起了在廣州資金周轉(zhuǎn)的困難。為了平衡貿(mào)易逆差,東印度公司才決定對華輸出鴉片。從1790—1838年,輸入中國的鴉片價(jià)值239,045,040兩。通過鴉片的輸入,英國人不僅得到了想要的茶葉等物資,還賺了大把銀子回家。

莊土國得出的結(jié)論是,“18世紀(jì)中西貿(mào)易的基本結(jié)構(gòu),是西方以其殖民地產(chǎn)品,主要為白銀、棉花、胡椒等交換中國的茶、絲、瓷器等。當(dāng)這類貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)能保持平衡時(shí),西人仍然獲得巨額利潤,傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易方法仍可維持。由于白銀短缺和中國政府厲行鴉片查禁,傳統(tǒng)的中西貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)難以為繼。西人隨即訴諸武力,引起鴉片戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)。”

判斷貿(mào)易順差與逆差并不能成為一個(gè)富強(qiáng)與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不然,現(xiàn)在的美國就是窮國。取決一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的因素,弗蘭克在《白銀資本》里有強(qiáng)有力的論述,他認(rèn)為中國明清之所以有那么強(qiáng)的吸銀能力,是依靠其有特別的貿(mào)易品來完成,確切地說,就是茶、瓷、絲這三大物質(zhì)領(lǐng)銜的貿(mào)易體系。因?yàn)椴琛⒋伞⒔z在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中的經(jīng)濟(jì)份額、參與程度以及關(guān)鍵性,才引起了中國成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的中心。

“一個(gè)因素是中國的生產(chǎn)和出口在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中具有的領(lǐng)先地位。中國在瓷器生產(chǎn)方面是無與倫比的,在絲綢生產(chǎn)方面也幾乎不存在對手。……另一個(gè)同樣被弗林和拉吉爾德茲強(qiáng)調(diào)的關(guān)鍵因素是,中國作為世界白銀生產(chǎn)的終極‘秘窖’的地位和作用。……正是中國對白銀的公共需求、中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的巨大規(guī)模和生產(chǎn)力以及由此產(chǎn)生的出口順差,引起了世界對白銀的巨大需求,并造成了世界白銀價(jià)格的上漲”。

弗蘭克總結(jié)說,“中國的這類更大的、實(shí)際上是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中最大的生產(chǎn)力、競爭力及中心地位表現(xiàn)為,它的貿(mào)易保持著最大的順差。這類貿(mào)易順差主要基于它的絲綢和瓷器出口在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)總的主導(dǎo)地位,另外它還出口黃金、銅錢以及后來的茶葉。”

美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭后,靠的也是本人的特色產(chǎn)品西洋參打入了世界貿(mào)易體系,而英國人最初來中國推銷輕紗,目的都一樣。

人類學(xué)家艾倫·麥克法蘭在《綠色黃金》中認(rèn)為,茶葉創(chuàng)造了英國,并使英國成為世界上最大的帝國。麥克法蘭認(rèn)為英國工業(yè)革命的起源,是茶葉有莫大關(guān)系。18世紀(jì)幾個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)最發(fā)達(dá)最活躍的地區(qū)即中國、英國和日本,同時(shí)也是茶文化最得到弘揚(yáng)發(fā)展的地區(qū)。

他立論的主要依據(jù)是茶水消滅了細(xì)菌,這讓中國的唐宋時(shí)期的人免于疾病困擾,還增加了營養(yǎng),這讓廣大的人口得以持續(xù)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富。人口大爆炸與成活率被歸納為在沸水與茶結(jié)合的飲食層面,同樣例子也可以解釋日本14到17世紀(jì)的發(fā)展過程。日本可以免于1817年,1831年和1850年的霍亂,也與他們?nèi)耧嫴栌嘘P(guān)。而英國全民飲茶時(shí)代,正是18和19世紀(jì),剛好也是英國開始了工業(yè)革命,工業(yè)革命引起城市人口保障,聚集居住,更容易引發(fā)各種傳播的疾病,但英國從18世紀(jì)中葉開始,許多疾病開始減少或消失,這都?xì)w結(jié)為英國人的飲茶習(xí)慣。

英國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家麥迪森也支持這類說法,他在分析歐洲人口疑問的時(shí)候說,正是因?yàn)榫坪筒杼娲耸艿轿廴镜乃攀沟脷W洲人口死亡率下降。

英國種植茶葉最早  英國茶葉來源

假如贊同艾倫·麥克法蘭的說法,那么乾隆時(shí)期剛好是中國人口增長很快的時(shí)期,從雍正十二年到乾隆二十九年,人口增長了7.7倍,達(dá)到2億人,而到道光十八年,已然是4億人口的規(guī)模。茶葉讓人口增長,而鴉片能讓人口減少,這也是道光年間大清許多官員的論調(diào)。

在中國、日本、英國的母親,因?yàn)樗麄冿嫴瑁孕『⒑鹊降亩际前踩哪改獭:葻崴牧?xí)慣,同樣被布羅代爾所看重,加了茶葉的熱水更是文明進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志。也因?yàn)楹炔璧娘L(fēng)尚,引起哪怕是喝白開水的人,也被視為其有飲茶的表現(xiàn),這是文明史上了不起的事情。

也因?yàn)檫@樣,茶為每一個(gè)需要發(fā)展的提供了大量勞動(dòng)力,茶也為他們的簡單生活提供能量源。飲茶被避免了大量谷物被拿去釀酒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在17世紀(jì)末,啤酒消耗了英國一般的谷物,他們不得不尋求去進(jìn)口來滿足消費(fèi)者。18世紀(jì)末期,工人的收入有10%是用來買茶和糖,只有2.5%的用來買酒。

英國著名經(jīng)濟(jì)史學(xué)家威廉遜就說:“假如不存在茶葉,工廠工人的粗劣飲食就不可能使他們頂著活干下去。”麥克法蘭認(rèn)為,中國茶葉的適時(shí)到來,正好適應(yīng)了英國工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的需求,并大大促進(jìn)了英國工業(yè)的發(fā)展。

麥克法蘭第二個(gè)依據(jù)是,茶葉改變了英國的社會(huì)階層,尤其是下午茶會(huì)和茶館的出現(xiàn),為英國文明幾乎起到了重塑的作用。英國的飲茶風(fēng)氣最先在上層貴婦中傳開,然后被中層?jì)D女所接受。

英國種植茶葉最早  英國茶葉來源

在英國早期的酒館和咖啡館里,只能看到男人的身影,英國婦女還發(fā)起抵制咖啡的運(yùn)動(dòng),她們認(rèn)為咖啡帶壞了英國男人,讓他們徹夜不歸。但茶葉不一樣,性情溫和,適合婦女和小孩。手握茶壺的女人就好比拿著刀劍的武士,參與的人只能屈服于她,這提升了婦女的地位。

第三個(gè)論據(jù),茶葉幫助了英帝國的擴(kuò)張。

茶葉造成的作用,英國有兩種說法,一種是“為了一壺小小的茶葉,中國文化幾近毀滅”;另一種是,“茶葉在英國的作用如同蒸汽機(jī)一樣關(guān)鍵,它幫助英國人度過危機(jī)并創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)新世界”。對上述兩種說法,麥克法蘭持贊成的態(tài)度,他認(rèn)為茶葉對英國的戰(zhàn)略擴(kuò)張尤其是軍事上的意義也非同小可。

在1720年代英國人廣泛飲茶之前,英國僅有北美、西印度殖民地及部分對印度和遠(yuǎn)東的貿(mào)易,而在此后的一個(gè)多世紀(jì)里,英國的殖民地不僅囊括了澳大利亞、加拿大而且還擁有了非洲的很多地方及南美洲、印度等地,真正成為日不落帝國。

對茶葉的需求作用海上貿(mào)易,也作用皇家海軍、商業(yè)資本、銀行和信托系統(tǒng),它造成了英國商業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,尤其是亞洲區(qū)域密集的貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò),讓英國勢力強(qiáng)大無比,為他們在東南亞和喜馬拉雅山區(qū)爭霸創(chuàng)造了很好的條件。

周寧在《鴉片帝國》中,也總結(jié)了茶在四個(gè)方面對英國產(chǎn)生的作用:

第一、在民族體質(zhì)與營養(yǎng)方面,茶有效平衡了英國人的飲食結(jié)構(gòu),為英國人多酸性主食面包找到了一種合理的、多堿性的佐餐飲料。

第二、在倫理與社會(huì)意義層面上,茶的溫和引起了人的溫和。英國之前深受酗酒之害,在更大程度上,茶冶煉了性情,維護(hù)了道德。一個(gè)家庭的下午茶有助于他們完成必要的親情儀式,帶來和諧。詩人庫柏用詩描繪了喝茶為英國人的家庭生活創(chuàng)造的溫馨和諧的境界:

撥旺爐火,緊閉門窗,

放下窗簾,圍起沙發(fā),

茶壺的水已煮沸,咝咝作響,

沏一壺?zé)岵瑁譂庥窒悖?/em>

輕松而不沉醉,心神蕩漾,

咱們迎來一個(gè)安詳?shù)耐砩稀?/em>

從家庭到社會(huì)交往,茶扮演了關(guān)鍵角色。茶會(huì)與咖啡館一樣,擴(kuò)大了公共領(lǐng)域空間,促成了一個(gè)市民社會(huì)的誕生——這點(diǎn)正是資本主義形成的關(guān)鍵要素。

第三、形成特別的審美和文化儀式。英國人生活中的下午茶點(diǎn)與茶會(huì),是生活高度精雅化的表現(xiàn)。從飲茶采用的瓷器,客廳的餐桌到茶園的裝飾,布置都非常講究,喝茶的文化意義大于生理意義。

是茶在英國現(xiàn)代文明史上的經(jīng)濟(jì)政治意義。東印度公司通過壟斷中國的茶葉生意,成為當(dāng)時(shí)世界上最大的公司。富可敵國的東印度公司成為英國的代名詞,為英國以后推行殖民政策,完成了必要的財(cái)富積累。

就在英國為代表的歐洲喝茶成風(fēng)時(shí),德國思想家赫爾德危言聳聽,說中國從歐洲商人那里得到白銀,給他們的卻是成千上萬磅使人疲軟無力的茶葉,從而使歐洲衰敗。事實(shí)證明,他錯(cuò)了。而中國政府控制茶葉的想法卻是明智的,但是他們不存在想到這樣會(huì)帶來戰(zhàn)爭,中國從此走向衰落。

考慮到中國對茶葉的絕對控制權(quán),英國不得不尋求他地種植茶葉,英國本土的茶葉一直并不成功,英國派遣的植物獵人把茶種帶回英國后悲觀地發(fā)現(xiàn),英國的土壤就無法種植茶葉。后來茶樹在印度阿薩姆種植成功,英國人用了與清廷同樣的手段,他們企圖通過茶葉來控制西藏,另一輪的茶葉貿(mào)易與政治戰(zhàn)爭,從沿海轉(zhuǎn)至內(nèi)陸,在喜馬拉雅山麓展開。

文圖

附:周重林,著名茶文化學(xué)者,作家。云南茶官方代言人,云南茶文化研究領(lǐng)軍者。代表作有《茶葉戰(zhàn)爭》《普洱熟茶教科書》 。參與撰寫文章《茶產(chǎn)業(yè)托起云南民族地區(qū)脫貧致富夢》 入選2020年高考語文試題 。2020年10月30日,亮相安徽衛(wèi)視“傳承實(shí)施時(shí)”欄目說茶 [9] ,被譽(yù)為卓越的茶文化研究者與傳播者。

主要作品還有《民國茶范:與大師喝茶的日子》 《茶葉戰(zhàn)爭:茶葉與天朝的興衰》 《綠書:周重林的茶世界》 。最新著作《造物記:云南古茶園的秘密》 《茶與酒,兩生花:中國文化的濃烈與清淺》 《茶道方法論》 。

三:英國種茶史

1.茶的起源,英語作文80詞左右,謝謝在線坐等 中國是茶的故鄉(xiāng),也是茶文化的發(fā)祥地。茶的發(fā)現(xiàn)和利用,在中國已有四五千年歷史,且長盛不衰,傳遍全球。茶已成為全世界最大眾化、最受歡迎、最有益于身心健康的綠色飲料。茶融天地人于一體,提倡“天下茶人一家”。 China is the home of tea, is the birthplace of tea culture. The discovery and utilization of tea in China, has a history of four thousand or five thousand years, and long fill do not decline, spread throughout the world. Tea is one of the world's most popular, the most popular, beneficial to the physical and mental healthy green drinks. Tea into the world in one, advocate" tea, a world". 2.茶文化的英語簡介+翻譯(80詞以內(nèi)) 似乎有點(diǎn)長 tea has a history of over 5,000 years, during which a series of unique tea culture have e into being, covering from tea plant cultivation and conservation, tea-leaf picking to processing and sampling tea. Tea-leaves are mainly produced in the southern area to the Yangtze River for mild climate and fertile ground there, such as the provinces of Zhejiang, Yunnan, Guizhou and Fujian. There produce an abundance of renowned tea varieties, e.g. Longjin, Wulong, Pu'er, Tieguangyin. Tea culture is one of the mon traits shared by all the 56 ethnic groups in China. Many people believe that a day is not perfect without a cup of tea. Either in the warm southern mountain area or on the frozen northern grassland, stuff like Gongfu tea, buttered tea and milk tea are all among the favorite drinks. Furthermore, both ancient and modern people tend to indulge in elaborating on poems, essays, dances and dramas on the tea. 茶在中國已經(jīng)有5000年的歷史。在漫長的歷史中,圍繞茶的栽培、養(yǎng)護(hù)、采摘、加工、品飲形成了一整套獨(dú)具特色的茶文化及相關(guān)藝術(shù)。長江以南是中國茶葉的主產(chǎn)區(qū)。浙江、云南、貴州、福建等地氣候溫和,土地肥沃,十分適合茶葉的生長,造就了龍井、烏龍、普洱、鐵觀音這些馳名中外的名品。 茶文化是中華多民族文化中的一個(gè)共同特征。五十六個(gè)民族都有飲茶的習(xí)俗。許多中國人在生活中不可一日無茶。不論是在溫和潮濕的南方山區(qū),還是冰天雪地的北方草原,工夫茶、酥油茶、奶茶都是人們特別喜愛的飲品。以茶為題的詩歌、散文、舞蹈、戲劇更為人們特別津津樂道。 3.關(guān)于茶的英文介紹 Have you ever wondered how the tea in your everyday cuppa gets from the plantation to your cup? Can you tell a Darjeeling from a Ceylon, an oolong from a white? Do you know why they are different? Now you have a chance to find out everything you ever wanted to know about tea! Due to popular demand, The United Kingdom Tea Council is partnering with 2 of the country's leading experts and offering a series of one day seminars for anyone who wants to discover more about our favourite beverage. 4.有關(guān)英國歷史的英文介紹 BC in the Mediterranean Iberian people, BAK people, Celtic, has e to Britain. 1-5 century, south-east England, the Roman Empire. , After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Anglo people in northern Europe, Saxons, Jutes invaded and settled in succession. The 7th century the feudal system began to take shape, many all countries, and into seven kingdoms strive for hegemony over 200 years, called "Anglo - Saxon era." 829 King of Wessex love Gebert unified England. 8 end of the century the Danes were struck from 1016 to 1042 as part of the Danish Viking empire. King was later short-term rule, in 1066, Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England. In 1215 King John was forced to sign Magna Carta, kingship was inhibited. From 1338 to 1453 English law, "the Hundred Years War," the British after the defeat and win a victory. In 1588, defeated the Spanish "Armada", to establish maritime supremacy. Bourgeois revolution broke out in 1640. May 19, 1649 declared a republic. 1660 Dynasty restoration took place in 1668 "Glorious Revolution" established a constitutional monarchy. 1707 England and Scotland merged in 1801 they merged with the Irish. The latter half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, being the world's first industrial revolution, a plete country. 19th century was the heyday of the British Empire in 1914 the colonial possession of 111 times more than the local big was the first colonial power, claiming to be "follow the sun empire." After World War I began to decay. British in Northern Ireland was established in 1920, the county, and in 1921 to 1922 in southern Ireland, from its rule to allow the establishment of an independent country. Westminster Act, enacted in 1931, was forced to recognize its dominion in the internal affairs and foreign policy of independence, the British Empire, shaken from the colonial system. World War II, greatly weakened the economic strength and political status declined. With the 1947 India and Pakistan have independence, to 60 years, the British Empire, the collapse of the colonial system. In January 1973 to join the EC.。 5.英國的歷史文化英文版介紹 Due to historical and ethnic reasons, by England, Northern Ireland, Welsh, Scotland countries constitute the United Kingdom, the capital was still in England London, subject or England, so it is the British ( originally British refers to England England ). The British Isles is referring to England, Scotland and Welsh, since the Northern Ireland is located in the island of Ireland, Gibraltar and many other islands area is too all, so it is not included. The UK ( The United Kingdom ) social stability, stable life, low crime rate and very few acts of violence occurred. Britain's mild climate, no severe cold and heat, the four seasons such as spring. Britain is a multicultural and open minded society. British art, music, culture and food has been subject to different countries from around the world people and the impact of the national customs, and many countries have a long and close ties. Until now, it is still the United States, Canada, and Australia and New Zealand and other English countries maintained a strong relationship. The UK is a member of the European Union,25years, in the maintenance and development of relations between the EU and China, it is always persist firmly in and ardent supporter. Britain is the EU countries the biggest investor in china. England is the first industrialized country in the world, there are many scientific discoveries and inventions, such as the steam engine, penicillin, deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ), dolly and jet engines and so on. The British economy in the world for the fifth, and is Europe's largest financial center. London financial market attracts around the world many panies to the UK business opportunity. Two years, the British schools and universities as the country attract worldwide attention technical, industrial and financial revolution and development. However, its world class education is much older, dating back to twelfth Century, University of Oxford (1185) and the University of Cambridge (1209) set times.。 6.關(guān)于茶文化的英語作文 Tea ceremony belongs to oriental culture. Tea ceremony is “To regard tea as precious and gracious drink while drinking tea is a spiritual enjoyment, an art or a means of cultivating the moral character and nourishing the nature.” Tea ceremony is a kind of ceremony to teach people about the law and discipline of rite as well as moral cultivation by means of drinking tea. Mr. Zhuang Wanfang also summarized the basic spirit of tea ceremony as, “honour, beauty, harmony and respect” and explained, “cultivating morality, being honest and money saving, in order to conduct oneself in society harmoniously and honestly, and to respect and love people.” /question/index?qid=20091129185901AAlh9uH 7.介紹茶發(fā)明史的英語作文 TV is very important in our life.We can get to know all kinds of events around the world.We can know the weather,information,laws,knowledge and so on.After busy work,we can watch some funny programs to relax TV benifits us,but sometimes it has bad influence.Some students watch TV day and night.It influences their lessons.Some programs are not good for children. So we should choose proper programs at proper time for people in different ages. 電視在咱們生活中非常關(guān)鍵,咱們可以熟悉世界各地的事件.咱們能熟悉天氣、信息、法律、文化知識(shí)等等.忙碌的工作后咱們可以看部分娛樂節(jié)目放松本人. 電視為咱們帶來了好處,但它也有壞作用.部分學(xué)生日夜看電視,這作用了他們的功課.部分節(jié)目不適合孩子們看. 所以咱們應(yīng)依照不同的年齡,在合適的時(shí)間選取合適的節(jié)目看. Now TV has bee necessary in our life.We can get all kinds of information through TV.The world is in front of us.The distance between countries is shortened with the help of TV.Every day we can watch some interesting programs to make us happy. Although TV has some benifits,sometimes it has bad influence.Some students have no time to study because they watch TV in all the free time.And some programs are not proper for children. So we should choose some good programs to watch,especially for children. 現(xiàn)在電視已經(jīng)是咱們生活中的必需品.咱們可以通過電視獲取各種信息.世界呈現(xiàn)在咱們面前,國與國之間的距離因?yàn)殡娨曌兘?每天咱們看部分有趣的節(jié)目,這使咱們很愉快. 雖然電視有部分好處,有時(shí)它也有壞作用.部分學(xué)生不存在時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí),因?yàn)樗麄儼阉锌臻e時(shí)間都用于看電視.還有部分節(jié)目不適合孩子們. 所以咱們應(yīng)選取部分好節(jié)目來看,特別是對孩子們.。 8.有不存在茶的歷史的文章 以下是“中國”茶葉的歷史:====================== History of Tea====================== tea consists of tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from China.According to popular legend, tea was discovered by Emperor Shennong (Shen Nung, Shen Nong, The Yan Emperor, The Emperor of the five grains) in 2737 BC when a leaf from a Camilla sinensis tree fell into water the emperor was boiling. Not everyone agrees on the origin, but no one disputes that tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce and vinegar.Some writers classify tea into four categories, green, white, black and oolong. Others add categories for red, scented and pressed teas. All of these e from varieties of the Camilla sinensis plant. flower tea (花茶), while popular, is not a true tea. Most tea is consumed in China and is not exported. Green tea is the most popular type of tea used in China.Within these main categories of tea are vast varieties of individual beverages. Some researchers have counted more than 700. Others put the number at more than 1,000. Some of the variations are due to different strains of the Camilla plant. The popular Tie Guan Yin 鐵觀音, for example, is traced back to a single plant discovered in Anxi 安溪 in the Fujian province. Other teas draw some of their characteristics from local growing conditions. The largest factor in the wide variations es from differences in processing after the tea is harvested. White and green teas are cooked soon after picking to prevent oxidization, often called fermentation, caused by natural enzymes in the leaves. Oolong teas are partially oxidized. Black and red teas are fully oxidized. Other differences e from variations in the processing steps. Tea History Tea (Camellia sinensis) is native to China. The ancient used them for medical purposes, then developed the infusion we know as tea; to this day tea is said to purge the digestive system of 'toxins'. Later the learned to grow tea plants and use their leaves to make various types of tea.Many different types of tea were grown during each of the dynasties in China.The Tang Dynasty A list of the differing grades of tea grown in the Tang Dynasty:Premier Grade Tea: Xiazhou, Guangzhou, Huzhou, Yuezhou, Pengzhou. Second Grade Tea: Jingzhou, Ranzhou, Changzhou, Mingzhou. Third Grade Tea: Shouzhou, Hangzhou, Muzhou, Hengzhou, Taizhou, Xuanzhou, Yiazhou, Luzhou. Fourth Grade Tea: Jinzhou, Lianzhou, Huangzhou, Sozhou, Yunzhou, Hanzhou, Meizhou. Tea dates back to the West Zhou Period in ancient China, when the used tea as offerings. Since then, tea leaves have been eaten as vegetables, used as medicine, and, since the Han dynasty, infused in boiling water, the new drink making tea into a major modity. There are many different kinds of tea. The three basic categories are non-oxidised green tea, semi-oxidised oolong tea, and fully oxidised black tea. All true teas are usually made from the same type of plant, “Camellia Sinensis”, although some teas are flavored with other plants and flowers.Tea is made through a very long and delicate procedure where young tea leaves are picked, steamed or pan fried, then dried and sifted, and finally distributed to wherever they need to go. The flavor of tea varies depending on how it is prepared.Many people drink tea because of its health advantages. Tea promotes in occasions digestion[citation needed], is rich in vitamins, and brings a feeling of relaxation when you drink it.The Song Dynasty Tea was an important crop during the Song Dynasty. Tea farms covered 242 counties. This included expensive tribute tea; tea from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, where some was exported to Southeast Asian and the Arab countries.In the Song Dynasty, tea started to be pressed into tea cake, some embossed with patterns of the dragon and the Phoenix and was called exotic names including:Large Dragon tea cake, Small Dragon tea cake, Surpass Snow Dragon ball cake, Fine Silver Sprout, Cloud Leaf, Gold Money, Jade Flower, Inch of Gold, Longevity Sprout, Eternal Spring Jade Leave, Dragon in the Clouds, Longevity Dragon Sprout, Dragon Phoenix and Flower, Eternal Spring Silver Sprout.The Ming Dynasty Ming dynasty scholar 文震亨 Wen Zhenheng's book 長物志 Zhang Wu Zhi (On Superfluous Things) chapter 12 contains description of several famous Ming dynasty teas:。 9.寫篇關(guān)于茶的英語作文 The practice of drinking tea has had a long history in China, having originated from there. The drink tea during many parts of the day such as at meals for good health or simply for pleasure. Although tea originates from China, tea generally represent tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from ancient China. Tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar。 10.英國茶的介紹 英國茶一般加牛奶,有時(shí)也加糖,但更多的是加上橙片、茉莉等制成所謂的伯爵紅茶 Earl Grey(Duke's black tea)、茉莉紅茶(black tea of ja ine)、果醬紅茶(black tea of jam)、蜜蜂紅茶(black tea of honey)等。人們一天中的任何時(shí)間均可以飲茶,早上醒來時(shí)至下床前或早飯時(shí)有早茶;上午11點(diǎn)左右有15分鐘的“茶休”喝“上午茶”;下午茶在下午4~5時(shí)的茶休中實(shí)施,大約也是15分鐘。茶點(diǎn)一般是現(xiàn)成的食品,有面包、黃油、果醬、糕點(diǎn)和餅干。各種糕點(diǎn)比面包更受歡迎,如烤餅、松餅、茶食點(diǎn)心和烤面包片等等。在城鎮(zhèn)的旅館、茶館或小吃館、飯店、快餐館均有茶水供應(yīng)。

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